Hi Kevin, With respect, despite his better understanding of French involvement in north western and central Europe, Mr Connelly knows very little about Spain and French involvement there. Since he wrote this, and it is quite an old text, there has been a a very substantial historiography researched and written covering French involvement in the Iberian peninsula, not least of which within the en vogue topic of occupation studies. One has only to read Donald Horward’s excellent monograph Napoleon and Iberia (relating to the sieges of Ciudad Rodrigo and Almeida to obtain an overview of what French occupation meant for the Spanish population – something which is neither explained nor justified by Godoy’s treachery or Bourbon absolutism. But Connelly is right about one thing, the Iberian peoples did not like armed missionaries. Best wishes A