Both the French and Spanish had real problems in moving artillery. The 12-pdr was rarely if ever seen upon the battlefield. The 8-pdr was also rare. It should be noted that the Spanish Horse Artillery were armed in 1808 with the Maturana chambered 8-pdr. This was a bored out Gribeauval 4-pdr to 8-pdr bore using the 4-pdr charge. Could be classed as a gun howitzer. It did fire full weight 8-pdr shot.

The French had considerably less ordnance than in central Europe. The 4-pdr persisted longer in this theatre due to its weight and the ammunition. The restriction upon artillery was not really the gun itself but the ammunition and number of caissons.

Horses in Spain and especially the heavy horse were rare. It was a country of mules. All Spanish Artillery except the horse artillery was in effect mule or bullock drawn. The huge loss of ordnance in the early battles by the Spanish was due to not having enough horses to move them.

The amount of cavalry used by the French and Spanish was far less than in Central Europe.
Stephen