Napoleon Series Archive 2018

Re: Napoleon's École Militaire character

Well, he took power in a coup de etat and then ran a whole country after his own head for some 16 years or so, for a starter. Also, he started three wars all of his own and provoked a number of others. And given a number of chances to make peace, he spurned them. If that don't qualify you for a warmonger. what does? Or what is your claim, if you don't agree? What is your support?

I do find it interesting that you do not give any blame for the wars Napoleon waged to his opponents. All of them, including Great Britain, were also expanding empires and Russia waged war against Sweden, taking Finland, and against Turkey. Great Britain was happily gobbling up colonies for her own benefit, even attacking neutrals such as Denmark twice as well as launching unsuccessful expeditions against Buenos Aires and continuing the conquest of India.

The Directory was corrupt. Barras, one of the Directors was trying to get the Bourbons to return to France, which at the very least would be unpopular and undoubtedly would have been met by force. Napoleon upon his return from Egypt wanted to become a Director, but was told that by law he was too young. Unemployment was rife, and the civil servants had not seen a paycheck for sometime. Barras was selling offices to finance his lavish lifestyle. The Vendee and Brittany were again in revolt.

Sieyes, another Director, began the idea for a coup against the corrupt Directory, and they had to have a general involved as the army was the only stable organization in France. Napoleon agreed and after the successful coup he came out on top, the other conspirators finding that Napoleon was both smarter and more able than they.

On becoming First Consul, Napoleon set out to reform France and consolidate the social and political gains of the Revolution. France remained a republic under the Consulate.

Napoleonic Reforms:

Fiscal:

-Established the Bank of France.
-Created two ministries, Finance and Treasury, to manage France’s finance.
-Created an Audit Office to check on public spending.
-Balanced the budget annually.
-Created a stable tax system.

Legal:

-Established the Code Civile by having it written and approved.
-Established a new Penal Code.
-Established a new Criminal Code.
-Established the prefects.

Education:

-Had the primary schools reopened.
-Closed the ecoles centrales because part of their curriculum was ideologie.
-Established the lycess which replaced the ecoles centrales.
-Kept the private secondary schools and allowed new ones to open.
-Established twelve law schools.
-Established the Ecole Normale Superieure to train teachers.
-Established the University that was responsible for turning out good citizens in the schools.

Religion:

-Reestablished the Roman Catholic Church.
-Established the principle and practice of freedom of religion.
-Gave the Jews full rights of citizenship.

Awards:

-Established the Legion of Honor for both military and civilian awardees.

Civic Improvements/Public Works:

-Built three canals.
-Built three trade roads across the Alps.
-Improved France’s roads and had trees planted along those roads.
-Founded Paris’ first professional fire brigade.
-Developed the modern system of street numbers.
-Established the Administration des Eaux et Forets to protect France’s natural resources.
-Created the Bourse.
-Improved the French sheep industry.
-Established national studs and depots d’etalons to improve French horse breeding.
-Improved French industry, such as the textile industry.
-Brought the smallpox vaccine to France.
-Granted amnesty to the emigres.
-Ended the revolt in the Vendee.

In short, Napoleon remade France and the basic civil rights given during the Revolution remained. He also firmly reestablished law and order in France, ridding the country of the abuses and lawlessness that had developed under the revolutionary governments.

Napoleon was both a lawgiver and a reformer and he governed by the rule of law.

Regarding the wars, Napoleon ended the Wars of the French Revolution which he inherited as head of state in 1799. Austria was again defeated in 1800 which led to the Peace of Luneville, and the Treaty of Amiens with Great Britain in 1802 ended the war with her.

It can be argued who was responsible for the rupture of Amiens, but it was Great Britain who declared war against France.

Great Britain was the paymaster of the succession of coalitions against France and persuaded Austria to attack France and her allies in 1805 in order to get the Armee des Cotes off the English Channel coast. Napoleon was not the aggressor in either 1805, 1806, 1807, or 1809-Austria, Russia, and Prussia were.

Napoleon found out in Berlin that the Spanish were willing to fight against France if Prussia won in 1806, and that was a prompt for the invasion of Spain in 1808. Prior to that, as Portugal was an ally of Great Britain, both France and Spain agreed to invade Portugal.

Regarding Russia, Alexander was a faithless ally (as she always had been no matter who her allies were-witness her ‘performance’ in Poland in 1809 when she was supposed to be supporting France against Austria) and planned on war with France as early as 1810. Alexander tried to persuade the Poles of the Duchy of Warsaw to recognize him as suzerain, but the Poles refused. These actions led to war with Russia in 1812.
The wars of 1813 and 1814 were a continuation of the 1812 war and it is noteworthy that Russia, Prussia, and Austria could not have taken the field in 1813-1814 without massive British subsidies in cash, supplies, uniforms, and weapons.

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Napoleon's École Militaire character
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