If bladder stones (rather than kidney, urethral or ureteric calculi) were Bonaparte's problems, he would have had specific symptomatology. As far as I recall (my copy of the post mortem is lost!), he had a small contracted bladder and tiny calculi in it. His campaign symptoms were those of cystitis and urethritis - bouts of prolonged painful micturition. He could have had a STD previously, leaving him with symptoms or a stricture. Michael.