To all,

Am reading a Dutch article about the fact that Napoleon created fake news in his bulletins during the Italian campaign. The author states that for instance in the battle of Lodi the casualties on both sides were about the same, ca. 900 men, but that Napoleon wrote in his report to the Directory that the Austrians lost between 2 and 3,000 men, while he only lost a mere 150 men. Another way to crerate fake news was that in that period he let print his own newspaper, the Courier de l'Armée d'Italie,using this way to make his own propaganda and telling a lot of fake news.
And later on, when he became 1st consul, he closed down 60 of the 73 newspapers with the goal to control himself the public opinion in falsifying the reality, which he did also in all his later campaigns.

Marc