In studying the actions of the Marquis of Alorna and the other Portuguese officers on Massena's army, it was clear there was a problem with the command since the early stages of the 3rd invasion of Portugal. There was much ressentment towards Massena, mainly, I believe on the part of Ney. The Portuguese got caught in these situations and, at a certain point, Alorna became a target inside the army because of the special attention Massena gave him. Also, at play, there was a conflict between Pamplona and Alorna concerning the Legion Portugaise, coming from earlier.

In 1811, in the retreat, this situation must have contributed heavily on the downfall of discipline of the French troops, in combination with the terrible position and lack of provisions. I ask, how much of this political problems contributed to the events of 1811? What was the depth of dissent inside the French Army in Portugal.

Jorge